Monitoring of human enteric virus and coliphages throughout water reuse system of wastewater treatment plants to irrigation endpoint of leafy greens

One solution to current water scarcity is the reuse of treated wastewater. Water systems have be examined as a whole, including efficacy water-reclamation treatments and operation steps from wastewater inlet into WWTP irrigation endpoint, irrigated crop. In this study, monitoring human enteric viruses coliphages were assessed in two reused systems. The presence hepatitis A virus (HAV) noroviruses genogroups I II (GI GII) analyzed by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) ( n = 475) leafy green samples 95). Total double-layer agar plaque technique. prevalence HAV was very low (c.a. 2%), mostly linked raw sewage, while for samples, none positive HAV. greens, norovirus (less than 5–6%). highest reductions observed taken reservoirs used growers near growing field. die-off during storage due solar radiation could considered an additional improvement. Reclamation significantly reduced counts GI GII reclaimed water. However, coliphage 5 log) do not comply with specifications included new European regulation on (?6.0 log). Correlations between found only high concentrations (>4.5 log PFU/100 mL). percentage (20–25%) negative total showed moderate (1–3 logs), indicating that are most suitable indicator possible viruses. • fate assayed. Prevalence low, non-positive plant samples. reduce Coliphages below limit established Regulation. Norovirus detected 6%